This textbook introduces the basic principles of physics at the college level. It develops conceptual understanding of mechanics, motion, waves, and thermal physics, along with mathematical problem-solving skills. It serves as the foundation for advanced studies in physics, engineering, and applied sciences. Contents Summary 1. Measurements o Physical quantities, units, and dimensions. o Significant figures, errors, precision & accuracy. o Use of scientific notation. 2. Vectors & Equilibrium o Scalars and vectors. o Addition and resolution of vectors. o Torque, conditions of equilibrium. o Moments and levers in daily life. 3. Motion & Force o Linear motion, displacement, velocity, acceleration. o Newton’s laws of motion. o Applications: friction, tension, free fall, circular motion. 4. Work & Energy o Work done by a force. o Kinetic & potential energy. o Law of conservation of energy. o Power and efficiency. 5. Circular Motion o Angular velocity & acceleration. o Centripetal force and its applications (vehicles on turns, satellites). o Banking of roads. 6. Fluid Dynamics o Properties of fluids (density, pressure). o Pascal’s law, Archimedes’ principle. o Bernoulli’s equation and applications (aeroplanes, atomizers). 7. Oscillations o Simple harmonic motion (SHM). o Characteristics: time period, frequency, amplitude. o Pendulum, spring mass system. o Damped and forced oscillations, resonance. 8. Waves o Types of waves: mechanical, longitudinal, transverse. o Wave properties: speed, frequency, wavelength. o Interference, reflection, refraction, diffraction. o Doppler effect and applications. 9. Physical Optics o Nature of light as a wave. o Interference of light (Young’s experiment). o Diffraction and polarization. 10. Thermodynamics o Heat and temperature. o Laws of thermodynamics. o Heat engines and refrigerators. o Specific heat capacity, calorimetry. 11. Liquids & Solids o Elasticity, stress, strain. o Hooke’s law, modulus of elasticity. o Pressure in liquids, surface tension, viscosity. Learning Outcomes By the end of Physics Intermediate Part 1, students should be able to: • Understand basic mechanics and motion. • Apply Newton’s laws and energy principles to real-life situations. • Describe the behavior of fluids, oscillations, and waves. • Understand optical phenomena and thermodynamics. • Solve numerical problems using physics formulas.