This textbook is the continuation of Biology Part 2 . It focuses on advanced biological concepts such as genetics, evolution, reproduction, ecosystems, and biotechnology. It connects the knowledge of cellular and physiological biology (studied in Part 1) to the higher-level functions of organisms and their interaction with the environment. Contents Summary 1. Homeostasis o Maintenance of internal environment. o Homeostasis in plants (stomatal regulation, transpiration). o Human excretory system & osmoregulation. o Disorders: kidney stones, renal failure, diabetes. 2. Support and Movement o Skeletal system in humans. o Joints and types of movement. o Muscular system: structure, types, and mechanism of contraction. 3. Coordination and Control o Nervous system: structure and function of neurons, synapses, reflexes. o Central and peripheral nervous system. o Human endocrine system and hormones. o Plant hormones and responses. 4. Reproduction o Asexual & sexual reproduction in plants and animals. o Human male & female reproductive systems. o Gametogenesis, fertilization, menstrual cycle, pregnancy. o Reproductive health and birth control methods. 5. Growth and Development o Growth in plants (meristems, hormones). o Growth and development in animals. o Factors affecting growth. 6. Chromosomes and DNA o Structure & function of chromosomes. o DNA & RNA structure, replication, transcription, translation. o Genetic code & protein synthesis. 7. Cell Division o Review of mitosis & meiosis. o Role of cell division in growth, repair, and reproduction. 8. Variation and Genetics o Mendel’s laws of inheritance. o Monohybrid & dihybrid crosses. o Sex-linked inheritance. o Genetic disorders in humans. 9. Biotechnology o Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology. o Applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. 10. Evolution o Theories of evolution (Lamarck, Darwin). o Evidence of evolution (fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy). o Natural selection and speciation. 11. Ecosystem o Components of ecosystem (biotic & abiotic). o Food chains, food webs, energy flow. o Biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, water). o Pollution and conservation of environment. 12. Some Major Ecosystems o Forest ecosystem. o Grassland, desert, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. o Human impact on ecosystems. 13. Man and His Environment o Population growth and its effects. o Environmental problems: deforestation, global warming, ozone depletion. o Sustainable use of natural resources. Learning Outcomes By the end of Biology Intermediate Part 2, students should be able to: • Understand advanced concepts of genetics, DNA, and evolution. • Explain human systems (nervous, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal, muscular). • Apply knowledge of biotechnology and ecology to real-world issues. • Analyze environmental challenges and suggest biological solutions. • Prepare for medical and biological sciences higher studies.